Maize Journal (ISSN 2278-8867; NAAS Rating 2026= 4.28) is the official publication of the Maize Technologists Association of India and is published half yearly i.e. in April and October. This periodical publishes peer-reviewed original research papers, short communications and critical reviews in English on all aspects of maize research and related industries. All contributions to this Journal are peer reviewed and published free of charge. Submit your articles by email to maizeindia@gmail.com. Please see Author Guidelines published in a recent issue. Maize J is committed to maintaining the highest level of integrity in the content published. Maize J. endorses University Grants Commission (Promotion of Academic Integrity and Prevention of Plagiarism in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2018 and its journal policies are compliant to these regulations.
MAIZE TECHNOLOGISTS ASSOCIATION OF INDIA
Genome editing for banded leaf and sheath blight resistance in Indian maize genotypes
Maize is the third most significant grain crop in India and is used as food, feed, and industrial raw material. Banded Leaf and Sheath Blight (BLSB) disease of maize caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani causes significant yield losses frequently between 10-40 per cent. To date, a few maize genotypes having mild/partial resistance to this destructive fungus have been reported. Additionally, a small number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to BLSB have been identified globally; yet, none of these QTLs have been found to confer strong resistance to BLSB. Therefore nonavailability of completely field-resistant or immune maize genotypes is of great concern and poses a major challenge for plant breeders. To manage this disease, a variety of agrochemicals, agronomic practices, and integrated pest management strategies are being used; nonetheless, sufficient and sustainable control could not be achieved. Further, there are negative ecological effects from the widespread usage of fungicides. Moreover, the management of BLSB is highly ineffective because of the broad host range of R. solani, the great genetic heterogeneity of the pathogen, the long survival ability in the form of sclerotia, and the lack of stable resistant maize cultivars against this disease. This implies that novel strategies should be used to develop BLSB-resistant Indian maize genotypes. In view of the above facts, developing a transgene-free genome-edited Indian maize genotype resistant to BLSB via the CRISPR/Cas- mediated targeted mutagenesis of major regulator gene i.e. the F-box proteinencoding gene, ZmFBL41 would be a viable approach. It is anticipated that precise editing of this key gene would potentially address a major factor causing yield penalty in Indian maize i.e. BLSB disease.
BLSB · Tropical maize · CRISPR-Cas9 · Fbox protein ZmFBL41
Trends in different global research fronts on maize: A Scopus-based scientometric study
Maize, the world’s third most vital food crop, plays a crucial role in providing over 30% of calories to over 4.5 billion people. Global demand and fluctuating production levels have impacted its market sustainability, leading to rising global prices. With a focus on Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 2, maize gains significance for its nutritional value. This study employs bibliometric analysis to explore prominent publications on maize, offering a guide to identify key works and influential nations in the field. The analysis reveals that the USA, China, India, and Mexico lead research with a transdisciplinary approach, emphasizing nutritional aspects. Strategic investment in the maize industry is crucial for addressing underlying issues and realizing its full economic potential. Aligning research priorities and policies in the next decade will contribute significantly to achieving food and nutritional security.
Food security · bibliometric analysis · nutrition · economy · maize
Influence of packaging materials and storage duration on seed quality parameters on sweet corn hybrid var. madhuram
An experiment was conducted during 2022 and 2023 to study the role of packaging materials and duration on seed storability of sweet corn. The experiment was carried out in four packaging materials viz., non-woven laminated polypropylene bag (P1), aluminium foil bag (P2), high density polyethylene bag (P3) and air tight plastic container (P4). It was stored for three different storage duration viz., 6 months (D1), 9 months (D2) and 12 months (D3) under two different environmental condition viz., Ambient condition (E1) and Cold storage (E2) with silica gel (S1) and without silica gel (S2). Seed stored in air tight plastic container and high density polythelene bag maintained higher seed germination percentage as compared to other bags whereas, seedling vigour index I was at par with aluminium foil bag. The Highest seed germination percentage, seed moisture content and vigour index II was recorded 98.67, 5.62 per cent and 2541 respectively. Seed stored for 6 months maintained higher germination and other quality parameters. Results from the present study. It seems that the hybrid var. madhuram kept better during cold storage (6oC) compared to ambient conditions. Seed stored with silica gel (S1) maintained higher germination of seed as compared to seed storage without silica gel (S2). Prior to this storage condition, seed of sweet corn was stored in non- woven laminated polypropylene bag after harvesting for six months under ambient condition. Over all, sweet corn seed could be store in aluminium foil bag and air tight plastic container under cold storage condition (6oC) for long duration of storage without silica gel.
Sweet corn hybrid var. Madhuram · Aluminium foil · Air tight plastic container · Cold condition · Silicagel · Seedling vigour index I
Response of planting methods and nitrogen levels on quality parameters of high-quality protein maize hybrids
A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy research farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The experiment consisted of four planting techniques viz. raised bed system (RBS), flat sowing with zero tillage (FSZT), flat sowing with minimum tillage (FSMT) and flat sowing with conventional tillage (FSCT) in main plots and two maize hybrids viz. HQPM-1 and HQPM- 5 and three nitrogen levels viz. 120, 150 and 180 kg N ha-1 in sub plots with combination, were tested in split plot design with three replications. Results indicated that the planting of maize on FSZT resulted in significantly higher lysine content (more than 3.2%) as compared to FSCT and FSMT. Among the maize hybrids, significantly higher lysine content was recorded with HQPM-5 hybrids, during both the crop seasons. Application of nitrogen @ 180 kg ha-1 produced significantly higher lysine content (more than 2.6%) compared to 120 kg ha-1 and 150 kg ha-1. FSZT with 180 kg N ha-1 recorded significantly higher tryptophan content (more than 0.85%) than FSMT and FSCT but did not differ with FSZT under 150 kg N ha-1 during both the crop seasons. FSZT planted maize with 180 kg N ha-1 had significantly highest total protein content (11.1%) over all other treatment combinations in 2014, but it was at par with FSZT planted maize with the application of 180 N kg ha-1 in 2013. Under all the planting methods, the total protein content was increased with increasing dose of nitrogenous fertilizer during both the years of study. Quality parameters viz., lysine, tryptophan and protein during the two crop seasons were appreciably higher with FSZT under HQPM-5 hybrid and 180 kg N ha-1. Stable starch, sugar, fat content and specific gravity of maize were not influenced significantly by different planting methods, maize hybrids and N levels during both the crop seasons.
High quality protein maize (HQPM) · Raised bed system · Zero tillage · Nitrogen levels · Quality parameters
Assessment of best fertilizer application methods for QPM hybrids production in Southern Rajasthan
A field experiment was conducted at Instructional Farm, Rajasthan Collage of Agriculture, (MPUAT) Udaipur during kharif 2014 and 2015 for “Assessment of best fertilizer application method for QPM hybrids (Zea mays L.) production in Southern Rajasthan”. The experiment was designated as split-plot design with three replications and treatments comprised of two planting densities viz., 50 × 20 cm and 60 × 20 cm (row to row × plant to plant) of two QPM hybrids viz., PQPM-1 and HQPM-1 in the main-plots. The four nutrient application methods viz., Recommended dose fertilizer (RDF), Green seeker based application, Site specific nutrient management SSNM and Soil test crop response (STCR) approach in the sub-plots, The results of the two-years study, showed that the significantly higher yield was recorded with high planting density (50 × 20 cm) of HQPM-1 over the Pratap QPM hybrid–1 with different planting densities, however yield parameters of maize hybrids were significantly higher observed in normal density (60 cm x 20 cm) over high density (50 cm × 20 cm). The yield was significantly increased by 10.64 per cent while the net returns were increased by 17.75 per cent in HQPM– 1 over the PQPM hybrid–1. However, the nutrients application through STCR approach resulted in higher yield of maize (HQPM–1 and PQPM hybrid–1), which was recorded significantly increased by 11.28, 24.78 and 30.99 per cent, and net returns were increased by 15.16, 34.41 and 45.31 per cent, respectively over SSNM, RDF, and green seeker approaches during both the years. Thus, the two years study revealed that the growing of HQPM1 with high planting density (50 × 20 cm) or (1,00,000 plant ha-1) with application of nutrients application methods using STCR approach followed by SSNM could be adopted for higher production and profitability in Southern Rajasthan and similar agro ecologies.
Economics · Nutrient management practices · Planting density · QPM hybrids yield
Potential for vegetable intercropping with maize in winter season
A two-year field experiment (2018-19 and 2019-20) revealed that intercropping of winter maize (Zea mays L.) As far as various intercropping indices depicting economic feasibility of the system concerned, maize equivalent yield and land equivalent ratio was significantly highest in maize intercropped with cauliflower (1:1) followed by maize intercropped with spinach (1:3), maize intercropped with garlic (1:1), maize intercropped with potato (1:1), maize intercropped with cabbage (1:1), maize intercropped with coriander (1:3), maize intercropped with green pea (1:1) and maize intercropped with fenugreek (1:3). Maximum net returns and B:C ratio was obtained in intercropping as compared to sole maize crop.
Intercropping · Winter maize · Maize equivalent yield · Cauliflower · Spinach · Garlic · Potato · Cabbage · Coriander · Green pea · Fenugreek · Benefitcost ratio
Relationship of sowing dates with the seasonal incidence of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in maize
Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is an economically important insect pest of maize and spreads very widely in different agroecological zones. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the fall armyworm incidence on maize hybrid DHM 121 under different dates of sowing during kharif 2021 and rabi 2021-22. The results revealed that the peak per cent plant infestation by fall armyworm was observed in 42, 63 and 91 days old maize crop at 49th, 52nd, and 4th SMW (100.0%) in crop sown during 23rd October, 2021. Similarly, the peak larval incidence was observed in 84 day old crop at 5th SMW (0.65) in crop sown on 10th November, 2021 whereas the maximum oviposition was observed in 77 day old crop at 44th SMW (0.18) in crop sown on 17th August, 2021.The information obtained from the present study would help formulate fall armyworm forecasting models and potential management strategies in maize.
Different sowing dates · Fall armyworm · Larval incidence · Maize · Oviposition · Plant infestation
Combining ability analysis for yield and quality traits in medium maturing yellow seeded maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids using line x tester
Thirty six hybrids of maize were developed through Line x Tester design using three male tester lines and twelve female inbred lines as parental material along with four standard checks Vivek-H-43, Pratap Hybrid Maize-3, Pratap Makka-9 and HM-11, to study combining ability in maize (Zea mays L.). The parents, hybrids and four standard checks were evaluated during kharif season 2016 for 15 characters in randomized block design with three replications. The mean squares due to genotypes, parents, crosses and parents v/s crosses were significant for all characters except for days to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking, days to 75 per cent brown husk, number of leaves per plant, cob girth and number of grain rows per cob. The ratio of 2 sca / 2 gca was greater than over for all the traits except anthesis-silking interval, number of leaves per plant, harvest index, grain yield per plant and quality traits like oil content and starch content. This indicated that the preponderance of nonadditive gave effects in the expression of these traits. Among female inbred line L10 was found good general combiners for grain yield per plant and yield component traits like, cob girth, number of grain rows per cob, harvest index and quality traits like, oil content and starch content. whereas the testers T3 was good general combines for yield and majority of traits viz., grain yield per plant, harvest index, oil content, protein content and starch content. The general combing ability due to additive and additive x additive gene effects. Which are the fixable component of genetic variation. Twelve hybrids showed significant positive sca effects for grain yield per plant. The maximum significant positive sca effects for grain yield per plant was depicted by hybrid L12 x T3, followed by hybrids L1 x T2, L11 x T2, L7 x T1 and L4 x T2. This was cross between average x good gca effects parents for grain yield per plant. They produced significant and desirable SCA effects for most of the traits studied indicating potential for exploiting hybrid vigour in breeding programme.
General combining ability · Specific combining ability · Maize
Heterotic grouping in maize using the specific and general combining ability method
Maize being a highly cross-pollinated crop, hybrid breeding is commercially proven due to the high amount of heterosis, and the quantum of heterosis is maximized when lines from opposite heterotic groups are mated. The analysis of variance recorded significant differences among the different quantitative characters. Similarly, ANOVA for combining ability revealed that the mean sum of squares due to lines, testers, and line-tester interaction was significant. Hence, these lines were subjected to heterotic grouping using the HSGCA method. The 32 maize inbred lines were grouped into heterotic groups A (8), B (6), and AB (9). While nine lines were unclassified into any of the groups, The lines grouped under the AB heterotic group recorded the highest gca effects for grain yield, viz., GPM-27 (25.5), GPM-18 (20.3), and GPM-606 (17.0). Whereas GPM-114 (4.3) and GPM-702 (4.2) recorded the highest gca for grain yield from heterotic groups A and B, respectively. The lines belonging to the AB heterotic group GPM-27 (96.7 q/ha), GPM-18 (91.6 q/ha), GPM-606 (88.3 q/ha), and GPM-30 (83.3 q/ha) also recorded the highest mean grain yield. Similarly, the line (GPM-114) with the highest mean grain yield and gca from heterotic group A, when crossed with GPM-706 from heterotic group B, may result in a high-yielding heterotic hybrid. Overall, the two test hybrids GH-1809 (101.93 q/ha) and GH-1829 (101.71 q/ha) recorded significantly higher grain yield as compared to the best-check 900M Gold (95.74 q/ha). Both these hybrids, GH-1809 (GPM-27 × CM-111) and GH-1829 (GPM-606 × CM-111), had female lines from the AB heterotic group with the highest gca effects for grain yield and CM-111 as their common tester.
Maize · Combining ability · gca · sca · heterotic grouping · HSGCA
Maize (Zea mays L.) - The future potential cereal crop of an indispensable significance in agro-forestry system
Maize popularly known as the queen of cereal crops, is one of the most cultivated and demanding staple cereal crops with higher potential productivity in the world. In the global scenario, India ranks 7th in total maize production with America being on the top. The total acreage under maize cultivation in India is 9.89 M ha having 4th rank in world while production is 34.61 million tons. In future, maize become maximum cultivated crop in place of wheat, rice etc. because of its higher productivity potential per unit area, wider adaptability to climate, soil and its multipurpose uses. However, the present cultivation practices of maize can lead to soil degradation, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution. Hence, to overcome these problems the adoption of agroforestry, the integration of trees into farming system, can provide sustainable approach to maize production by improving soil health, reduce soil erosion, enhance biodiversity and utilize degraded lands. Maize can be grown in various agroforestry systems like agri-silviculture, taungya cultivation, alley cropping, wind breaks/ shelterbelts and agri-horticulture system. Maize shows complementary effects with most agroforestry tree species specially legumes. Hence, by choosing suitable trees combination, the potential of maize as an intercrop in agroforestry is utilized effectively which will enhance the income of small and marginal farmers along with providing environmental services.
Agroforestry · Agroforestry system · Cereals · Sustainability · Starch
Utilization of corn for ethanol production: An analysis of production, economy, and grain type requirements
Maize composite Vijay: A landmark variety
Effect of front line demonstration of improve maize varieties and biofertilizer in central Gujarat
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereal grains grown worldwide in a wider range of environments because of its greater adaptability. It is mainly used as a food source and now has become the most important raw material for animal feed. Attempts are made to improve productivity and to increase the area under maize by adopting improved maize varieties. To compare local check total of 165 FLDs were carried out in a systematic manner on the farmer’s field to show the worth of new maize varieties. It was observed the improved maize varieties recorded a higher average yield of 2114.35 kg/ha (GAYMH-1), 2134.32 (GAWMH-2) and 3339 kg/ha (GAWMH-2) in kharif and 3906.47 kg/ha (GAYMH-1) and 3318.56 kg/ha (GAWMH-2) in rabi, respectively. The per cent increase was found to increase 17.58 per cent, 13.00 per cent and 12.42 per cent in kharif and 26.01 per cent and 15.10 per cent in Rabi, respectively. Frontline demonstrations can promote new crops and technologies and improve their popularity. Such improvements in crop technology will help farmers in reducing yield gaps and will improve their knowledge, attitude and skill.
Influence of planting density and nitrogen management on growth and productivity of maize in eastern India
A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2022 for exploring the effect of planting density and N management on hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) in eastern India at the experimental farm of ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Gauria Karma, Jharkhand. The treatments comprised of three planting densities viz., 67.5 cm × 20 cm (D1), 67.5 cm × 22 cm (D2) and 67.5cm × 25 cm (D3) in main-plots and five nitrogen management practices viz., control, farmers practices (FP), RDNconventional, 75 per cent RDN-SSB (sub-surface band placement) and RDN-SSB in sub-plots and replicated thrice. The results of the study indicated that the growth parameters, viz plant height, leaf area index (LAI), dry matter accumulation and net assimilation rate was significantly higher at D1. However, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate was obtained highest in D2 and D3, respectively. Similarly, these growth parameters were enhanced by RDN-SSB. However, significantly higher grain yield was obtained with D2 and RDN-SSB. Further, statistically at par growth parameters as well as grain yield was obtained under RDNconventional and 75 per cent RDN-SSB which shows that saving of 25 per cent N could be achieved through sub-surface band placement.It was concluded that of growing of maize with 67.5 cm × 22 cm spacing and fertilization with recommended dose of N as sub-surface band placement is recommended for yield maximization and saving of 25 per cent N can be achieved with sub surface band placement without any yield penalty and benefit-cost ratio is also higher at 67.5 cm × 22 cm in Eastern region of India.
Dry matter accumulation · Nitrogen saving · Planting density · Sub surface band placement · Maize
Influence of planting geometry and nutrient levels on growth dynamics, quality and cob yield of sweet corn in north western India
A field experiment was conducted at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand during kharif season, 2018 to find out the response of sweet corn to varied planting geometry and nutrient doses. The experiment was laid out in split plot design keeping four planting geometries (60 cm × 25 cm, 60 cm × 30 cm, 75 cm × 25 cm and 75 cm × 30 cm) in main plots and three doses of NPK (120: 60: 40, 150: 75: 50 and 180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha) in sub plots. Dry matter accumulation, LAI and net assimilation rate were significantly higher in the narrowest planting geometry (60 cm × 25 cm). This geometry also recorded significantly higher green cob yield (13325 kg/ha) than the other planting geometries. Nutrient level 180: 90: 60 being at par with 150: 75: 50 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha produced significantly taller plants, leaf area per plant, dry matter accumulation per plant, LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR than 120: 60: 40 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ha. Green cob yield was maximum (12687 kg/ha) in180: 90: 60 kg N: P2O5: K2O/ ha but did not vary due to nutrient levels.
Growth · NPK dose · Planting geometry · Sweet corn
Effect of sources and levels of zinc on growth rate, grain yield and economics in shalimar QPMH-1 hybrid
Zinc deficiency can result in significant losses in the yield of maize. Therefore, an experimental field trial was conducted at the Agronomy Research Farm, located within the Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Sopore SKUAST-Kashmir during kharif season 2021 to study the impact of various sources and levels of zinc on growth and yield performance of Quality Protein maize. The experiment consisted of two sources of Zinc viz. Zinc Oxide, Zinc Sulphate and five levels of Zinc viz. control, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0%, the setup followed a factorial complete block design, consisting of 3 replications. Zinc was applied as foliar spray @ 50 DAS. The findings of the experiment revealed significant variations in terms of growth, yield and economics for various treatments under investigation. Among the various treatments, application of zinc oxide at a concentration of 1%, exhibited superior performance in terms of plant growth attributes, yield components, and overall yield. It recorded the highest grain yield amounting to 53.92 q/ ha.Additionally, the application of zinc oxide @ 1% resulted in the highest net returns and a favourable benefittocost (B:C) ratio of 1.75 followed by application of zinc oxide @ 0.75%) and zinc sulphate @ 1%. Among all the treatments, lowest plant growth, yield and economic suitability was recorded with control (ZnSO4). Hence, application of zinc oxide @ 1% was found economically suitable and sustainable followed by application of zinc oxide @ 0.75% and zinc sulphate @ 1%.
Foliar application · Growth · QPM · ZnO · ZnSO4 · Yield
Performance evaluation of quality protein hybrid maize under different planting and weed control methods
A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy research farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana during kharif 2012. Three main plot treatments and six sub plot treatments were tested using a split plot design with four replications. In main plots, three planting methods namely Conventional Tillage (CT), Zero Tillage (ZT) and Furrow Irrigated Raised Bed System (FIRBS) were evaluated. In the sub-plots, the evaluation encompassed three pre-emergence herbicides atrazine @ 750 g/ha, atrazine @ 500 g/ha + hand weeding at 35 DAS and pendimethalin @ 1000 g/ha. Additionally postemergence herbicides., tembotrione (Laudis 42% SC) @ 120 g /ha + S 1000 ml/ha (10-15 DAS/2-4 leaf stage) were compared with weed free and weedy check conditions. Important weed species observed in the experimental plots were Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colona, Trianthema portulacastrum and Digera arvensis. Application of atrazine (750 g/ha) recorded significantly reduced weed population and weed dry weight. This treatment also exhibited higher weed control efficiency and resulted in improved crop growth and higher crop yields. Whereas, in planting methods, zero tillage recorded lowest weed population, dry weight of weeds and higher weed control efficiency with higher crop growth and crop yield. Pre-emergence application of atrazine (750 g/ ha) under zero tillage was found effective for controlling weeds with higher crop yield in kharif maize.
Atrazine · Hybrid maize · Planting methods · Tembotrione · Weed control efficiency
Effect of zinc-based nano fertilizer foliar application with varying fertility levels on yield attributes and yield of single cross maize hybrid (Zea mays L.)
An experimental field study was carried out during the consecutive kharif seasons of 2020 and 2021 at the Instructional Farm of Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur using single cross maize hybrid. The study encompassed two main factors: the foliar application of nanofertilizer and different fertility levels with three replications. Factor A (Foliar Application of Nanofertilizer) serve the parameters like control receiving water spray, application at the knee-high stage (0.1%), application at the 50 per cent tasseling stage (0.1%), and combined application at both the knee-high and 50 per cent tasseling stages (0.1%) however Factor B represents focusing on fertility levels, included the control, 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), 90 per cent RDF, and 80 per cent RDF. Significantly highest grain, stover and biological yield (51.90, 82.32 and 134.21 q ha-1) were recorded with the dual foliar application of nanofertilizer at knee high stage and at 50 per cent tasseling stage over single stage foliar application. Among the different fertility levels, the application of 90 per cent RDF significantly increased grain, stover and biological yield. Yield attributing characters viz., grains cob-1, grain weight cob-1 (g) and 1000 grain weight (g) were significantly higher with the dual foliar application of nanofertilizer at knee high stage and at 50 per cent tasseling stage and application of 90 per cent RDF in maize. Similarly, the significantly highest protein content of maize (11.13% and 10.97%) was found in dual foliar application of nanofertilizer and 90 per cent RDF, respectively. These findings emphasize the importance of strategic nanofertilizer application and optimal RDF levels in enhancing maize yield and protein content.
In vitro studies on bio efficacy of native isolates of Trichoderma viride against maize stalk rot disease incited by Fusarium verticillioides
Fusarium verticillioides is a soil born plant pathogen causing stalk rot diseases in several plants including maize (Zea mays L.) and management of stalk rot diseases are of very difficult with existing chemical methods. So, the main objective of this experiment is to identify effective Trichoderma isolates against Fusarium verticillioides. In this connection in vitro experiments are conducted to evaluate the anti-fungal activity of ten native isolates of Trichoderma viride, collected from different locations in Telangana state against maize stalk rot pathogen incited by Fusarium verticillioides. Among the isolates evaluated, Tv-8 isolate collected from Gundlapally village of Karimnagar, Dist. recorded the maximum (77.8 %) inhibition of mycelial growth (1.96 cm) of the pathogen at 10 days after inoculation and it was followed by Tv-6 isolate collected from Sitaramapuram village of Warangal, Dist. and Tv-3 isolate collected from Lachhigudem village of Khammam, Dist. with 73.9 and 71.6 per cent inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen over control respectively. Tv-1 isolate collected from Tanikella village of Khammam, Dist. was found to record the minimum inhibition of mycelial growth of the pathogen (5.83 cm) at ten days after incubation which counted for 34.1 per cent growth reduction over control. These results signifies the importance of exploration of native bio agents for effective management of soil born diseases like maize stalk rots.
Biological control, Fusarium verticillioides, Maize, Trichoderma viride
Rhamnolipid biosurfactant could be a green approach for the management of maydis leaf blight of maize
Southern corn leaf blight or maydis leaf blight (MLB) caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus (Drechs.) [(anamorph Bipolaris maydis (Nisikado and Miyake) Shoemaker] is an important disease of maize. Current pest management strategy relies mostly on chemical pesticides becomes a public concern due to environmental pollution. Hence use of green compounds (GRAS) has been emphasized for pest management so as to achieve sustainable agricultural productivity. Recently, biosurfactants are receiving much attention and brought in to use for plant pathogen elimination and also for increasing the bioavailability of nutrients for beneficial plant associated microbes. Biosurfactants are a diverse group of surface active molecules produced mostly on microbial cell surfaces and they can be excreted extracellularly. The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of rhamnolipid (RL) biosurfactant produced by newly isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain SS14 as an antifungal agent against B. maydis in Zea mays L. In vitro experiment was conducted by adopting poison food technique at different concentrations (25, 50 and 100 ppm). The studies indicated that the biosurfactant produced by this bacterial strain inhibits the growth of B. maydis by 39 per cent at a concentration of 100 ppm. In planta, treatment of maize seeds with a RL concentration of 100 mg/lit with foliar spray of 100 mg/lit resulted in improved biomass compared to those of healthy control plants and complete suppression of characteristic disease symptoms of MLB disease. The results demonstrated the possibility to develop a sustainable and eco-friendly management measure against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen B. maydis.
Maize · Bipolaris maydis · Maydis leaf blight (MLB) · Rhamnolipid (RL) · Biosurfactants · Management
Effect of packaging materials and storage duration on seed germination of maize inbred
The germination percent of inbred IGI 1103 affected significantly with storage duration. The rate of seed deterioration was higher in ambient conditions compare to cold storage because of uncontrolled environmental conditions. Seed packaging materials also significantly affected seed deterioration. Among two types of packaging materials, aluminium foil bag (P2) was found superior for maintaining viability. Cloth bag (P1) is not safe for maize inbred line seed storage for longer time. From the result of present study, it was concluded that maize inbred IGI 1103 kept in aluminium bag in cold storage for longer period minimize the deterioration effect on seed germination status.
Inbred · Storage · Packing materials · Environment · Germination
Innovative approaches to enhance maize growth and yield via residue and nitrogen management in conservation agriculture practices
A field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2018 and 2019 for exploring the influence of differential residue and nitrogen management practices on growth parameters and physiological indices of maize under conservation agriculture on a sandy loam soil at New Delhi. The treatments consisted of two cropping systems: maize-mustard-mungbean (MMuMb) and maizewheatmungbean (MWMb); two residue management practices of with (WR) and without residue (WoR) and four precise N management practices of recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN), 33% N at basal with green seeker (GS), 50% N at basal with GS, and 70% N at basal with GS arranged in split-split plot design and replicated thrice. The results of the study indicated that growth parameters, physiological indices and yield attributes in maize were increased significantly with residue retention and 50% N at basal with green seeker in MWMb. Higher dry matter accumulation (177.2 and 172.2 g/plant), and LAI (3.07 in second year) was recorded under 50+GS compared to RDN application. Based on pooled data of yield attributes, the highest number of cobs (65.4 103/ha) and cob length (19.3 cm) values were observed with the 50+GS at 90 DAS, whereas barrenness (9.2%) followed by WR (9.1%) compared with irrespective treatments. The highest grain rows per cob (17.8), grains per row (36.1) and grains per cob (453.6) in maize plants were recorded under 50+GS followed by WR (16.2, 34.6 and 414.2) as compared to other treatments.
Conservation agriculture · Growth and yield attributes · Green seeker · Residue · Maize · Nitrogen
Genetic analysis of variability and trait association in tropical field corn (Zea mays L.)
Grain yield is a complex trait influenced by environment and yield components. Hence, the information on the extent of variability in different traits and on association of yield with its components is useful for breeding for higher yield. Present study was carried out to investigate the nature and magnitude of genetic variability, heritability, genotypic and phenotypic correlations among grain yield components and their direct and indirect effects on grain yield of maize in two seasonskharif and rabi. In kharif, a total of 170 genotypes (54 lines, 2 testers, 108 single cross hybrids and 6 checks) and in rabi 110 genotypes (34 lines, 2 testers, 68 single cross hybrids and 6 checks) were evaluated in latice design. The analysis of variance revealed significant mean sum squares due to genotypes for all the traits implying the existence of sufficient genetic variability among the inbreds. The presence of variability for various traits was also revealed by Phenotypic and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV and PCV) for different traits. Grain yield recorded GCV and PCV of 39.81 & 25.89% and 40.41 & 28.72% during kharif and rabi, respectively. Hence, there is possibility of selection of inbreds with higher performance for various traits. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive genotypic correlation (p = 0.01) of yield with plant height (rg = 0.97 and 0.83), ear height (rg = 0.98 and 0.82), cob length (rg = 0.91 and 0.71) and number of kernels per row (rg = 0.94 and 0.73) during kharif and rabi, respectively. The results of path coefficient analysis revealed that most of the characters studied had positive direct effects on grain yield. During kharif cob length (2.028), kernel row number (0.341) and hundred seed weight (0.126) had positive direct effect on grain yield. In rabi, cob width (0.578) had maximum direct effect on grain yield followed by ear height (0.461), cob length (0.412), and plant height (0.146). The results of variability analysis read with the results of trait association implied that there is possibility of improvement of yield and yield components in the material studied and the significant positive association meant that combination of traits could be improved simultaneously.
Maize · PCV · GCV · Heritability · Correlation · Path analysis
Gene action studies of quantitative and qualitative traits in maize (Zea mays L.)
The present study was undertaken to determine the type of gene action, genetic parameters of yield and other quantitative traits by crossing eight diverse maize inbred lines in half diallel mating fashion. Seed of 28 F1 population along with their parents and a standard check was planted during rabi, 2019-20 in randomized complete block design and replicated thrice at the Main Maize Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Godhra. The observations were recorded on different quantitative characters and protein content. The results revealed that mean squares due to parents and hybrids were significant for all the characters indicating that parents and hybrids differed significantly in their combining ability effects and importance of both additive as well as non-additive gene effects for their inheritance.The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all the characters. The estimates of components of genetic variation revealed the pre-ponderance of non-additive genetic variance for all the characters under study. The significance of both gca and sca variance indicated the involvement of both additive and non-additive gene effects for the inheritance of days to 50% tasselling, days to 50% silking, cob weight, number of kernels per row, shelling %, 100 kernels weight, kernel yield per plant and protein content. The predominance of non-additive gene action resulted in enormous heterotic response in kernel yield and its attributes including quality traits and thus heterosis breeding would be the best approach for yield improvement.
Gene action · Diallel · Additive · Dominance · Heterosis
Heritability and genetic variance for grain yield and its component characters in single cross hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.)
Estimates of genetic variability and heritability in selection of desirable characters could assist the plant breeder in ascertaining criteria to be used for the breeding programmes. Twelve inbred lines and 66 F1s generated by crossing these twelve genetically diverse parents in a half diallel mating design were evaluated at the two agricultural research stations of Kashmir in 2018 cropping season to estimate genetic variability, and heritability for, grain yield and its component characters. The estimates related to genetic components of variance revealed that estimates of additive component (D) significant for all the traits except for ear height and cob length, whereas the two measures of dominance component (H1 and H2) were significant for all the traits. This suggested the involvement of both these components in the inheritance of these traits, however greater magnitude of dominance component than its corresponding additive component of variance demonstrated greater role of dominance component in the inheritance of traits studied. Estimation of h2 was significant and positive for all characters. The estimate of h2/H2 was less than unity for days to maturity, number of ear plant-1 and protein percentage indicating greater proportion of recessive group of genes for these two traits and for rest of traits h2/H2 was more than unity indicating greater proportion of dominance group of gene. The genetic ratio KD/KR was greater than unity for all characters under study except for plant height, ear height, cob length and kernel rows cob-1 where it was less than unity. The narrow sense heritability was high for days to maturity and protein percentage and low for rest of traits in the present study which indicate that additive genetic variance for these traits was relatively less pronounced than non-additive and more ever suggested importance of dominance component.
Heritability · Diallel · Grain Yield · Dominance
Genetic analysis of yield and its components traits in diallel cross of maize (Zea mays L.) under rainfed condition A.
Maize is one of the oldest domesticated crops and the world’s third most important cereal crop, with a high yield potential. It is currently farmed in most parts of the world, across a wide variety of environmental conditions spanning 50 degrees north and south of the equator. In many regions of the world, it is widely utilized for food, feed, fuel, and fiber. Because of its crosspollinated nature, maize has a wide range of morphological variability and geographic adaptation. A diallel mating design excluding reciprocals was practised among 8 diverse parents to generate 28 crosses for assessing genetic parameters in maize during kharif 2021. Analysis of variance revealed significant variability in the parents for all the characters under study except cob length, cob girth, number of kernel row per cob and 100 grain weight. The ratio of σ2 gca and σ2 sca was found less than unity for most the characters, which revealed prime role of non-additive gene action for expression of the characters under study. Among the traits, grain yield was positively (P < 0.01) correlated with plant height, cob length, cob girth, kernel row per cob, hundred grain weight (test weight) and cob weight under rainfed conditions. High broad-sense heritability was observed for days to tasselling, days to silking, kernel per row, grain yield and, kernel row per cob indicating that additive or genetic factors influenced the expression of these traits and they are less influenced by environmental factors.
Maize · Correlation · Heritability · Nonadditive · Variance
Surveillance of major maize diseases and their distribution scenario in different agroclimatic zones of India
The maize is third most significant cereal crop after rice and wheat. To know changes in the pattern of disease distribution under global climate change, hence surveying is a crucial activity. The five maize-growing zones of India viz. Northern Hill Zone (NHZ), North West Plain Zone (NWPZ), North East Plain Zone (NEPZ), Peninsular Zone (PZ), and Central Western Zone (CWZ) were surveyed from 2013 to 2018 for major maize diseases. Two to three talukas were chosen in each district for the roaming survey, two to three villages per taluka were chosen, and three fields on either side of the road were chosen at random in each hamlet. In four zones (NHZ, NWPZ, NEPZ, and PZ), the maydis leaf blight severity was high (67.7%) in NEPZ. Further, NHZ showed the highest severity of turcicum leaf blight (55.5%) and banded leaf and sheath blight (77.7%). Moreover, Curvularia leaf spot prevalence (53.3%) and post flowering stalk rot (74%) was highest in CWZ, and bacterial stalk rot in NWPZ (56%). PZ was the only region where sorghum downy mildew was common. In India, a significant maize disease is now being assessed and banded leaf and sheath blight, maydis leaf blight, Turcicum leaf blight, and others were the most prevalent diseases. This study will help to develop management strategies, identify the races of the pathogens, and recommend the resistant varieties.
Diseases · Distribution · Maize · Surveillance
A review of nitrogen management strategies and their implications on maize (Zea mays L.) performance
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most versatile crops grown throughout the tropical as well as temperate regions of the world. These days, high external inputs required for high-yield goals largely depend on artificial sources and methods, among which nitrogen (N) is a source of worry worldwide. Crops need N for active growth and photosynthetic activity throughout the entire growth cycle. In Indian soils, N deficiency is a widespread problem, and correct management is crucial from an economic and environmental standpoint. Effective use depends on timing, technique, and optimal N application that is in tune with crop needs. Since maize has the largest yield potential of all the grains, it drastically depletes soils of N and water. Among other methods, maize’s response to high N fertilisation levels is a way to determine maximal productivity. Not only is crop productivity affected by N supply, but also crop quality. Employing inorganic fertiliser can boost crop output, but protecting the environment for future generations is burdensome, especially given the ongoing rise in the global population. It is possible to achieve sustainable agricultural yield by using fertilisers, both organic and inorganic, strategically.
Nitrogen, Organic, Efficiency, Sustainable, Crop productivity
Maize nutritional quality and value addition: a brief overview
Maize is a major cereal crop that is known as the “Queen of Cereals” due to its numerous uses and high productivity potential. Maize is not only one of the most significant cereal crops in India but the world as well. It is crucial for both human and animal nutrition in general and for fulfilling the calorie and protein needs of millions of people in emerging nations. Due to unhealthy life style and habits of the present generation, many health problems have been noticed in the last two decades. Multigrain concepts of nutrition can play a significant role to mitigate these health challenges. As we all know that maize has a lot of fiber, antioxidants, and other vitamins and minerals. Various value-added products prepared from maize have the potential to alleviate nutritional disorders. In view of above, the current article describes the nutritional quality along with the potential and opportunity for countless value-added products made from maize, which are crucial for dietary and economic stability.
Maize · Nutritional quality · QPM · Value added products
Nutritional and medicinal importance of corn silk in human health
Corn silk is an unique byproduct of maize which can provide countless advantages for human health and serve as a source of income. Corn silk contains many bioactive compounds including proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, volatile oils, steroids, flavonoids alkaloids, and phenolic compounds which perhaps are responsible for the potential health benefits. Several corn silk-derived extracts and bioactive constituents have been demonstrated to exhibits antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidaemic, anti-obesity, anticancer, anti-hepatotoxicity, anti-nephrotoxicity, antidepressant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. Several studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of corn silk extract against several diseases including diabetes, cancer, obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease and liver diseases. The corn silk powder has potential to contribute to the alleviation of dietary nutritional deficiencies and can be utilized in preparation of various traditional and snack products to enhance their nutritive values. Corn silk can help in value addition of the products as well as provide low-cost nutritious alternatives for combating malnutrition. Use of corn silk will lead to valorization of agricultural residue via waste utilization which increases farmer income as well as reduce environmental pollution due to agricultural wastes. There is a great need to strengthen research, testing, and product development activities for the proper, effective, and safe utilization of corn silk.
Agricultural wastes · Corn silk · Diseases · Healthcare · Nutritional value